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Ruth Wisse and German Philosophy

One loves the work of Ruth Wisse and honors her for her long labors in trying to maintain scholarly seriousness in an American academy that, during her lifetime, seemed in many ways to have turned against itself.


In a new essay on the decline of the language, however, she makes the case for the academic importance of Yiddish by arguing, among other things, that:


Philosophy and Political Theory may be curiously handicapped by their neglect of a tradition of thought that resists grand explanations and holds apparent contradictions in delicate balance. I sometimes wonder what would happen if students of Hegel and Marx were simultaneously required to study the humbling cadences of Sholem Aleichem, or if the Jews who once flocked into German universities had taken their Yiddish in with them rather than deferring to the Ubersprache. The assumed inferiority of Yiddish to German not only fueled contemptuous disregard for another culture, but ignored what by other standards are ethically and intellectually stronger ideas than those emerging from German Enlightenment.

Really? A disappointment to see this kind of gesture from Ruth Wisse—Ruth Wisse, of all people, engaging in such special pleading for her own discipline of Yiddish over the actual intellectual tradition to which she normally devotes herself.


Even the odd phrasings of the paragraph suggest a bad conscience. That “by other standards” acts, I think, as something of an escape hatch from the absurd suggestion that the (tiny) tradition of Yiddish-language philosophy is better than the (enormous) tradition of German-language philosophy. Even so, it’s not a particularly good hatch: For judging “ethically and intellectually stronger ideas,” what “other standards” could there be?


The problem isn’t richness of language. There’s not much doubt that English is a wealthier language than German in, say, poetry. If Goethe is the Shakespeare of German, then who’s the Milton? If the modernist Rilke is the W.B. Yeats, then who’s the T.S. Eliot? But the history of English-language philosophy is nonetheless much, much poorer than the history of German-language philosophy. From Wolff to Heidegger—so many names: Kant, Feuerbach, Hegel, Marx, Nietzsche, Husserl—that tradition batters us with thinker after thinker. One can reject them, and reject their (too easily conflated) schools of thought, without denying their intellectual power.


Down the path that Wisse seems to be pointing lies the kind of relativism that thinks Heidegger must be a second-rate philosopher because of his Nazism, or that Hannah Arendt is dismissible because of her association with Heidegger. Or, for that matter, that Frege’s philosophical investigations into logic are wrong because he was a truly vicious anti-Semite, or that Bacon’s theories of science are unimportant because he stole money on scale unknown to any other philosopher, or that Seneca had rotten ideas about Stoicism because his student Nero turned out so poorly.


Perhaps there is something to such claims. We don’t typically think that poetry, for instance, is ruined by the personal and public faults of its authors: Villon was a thief, Chaucer was a bureaucrat, and Swinburne was a nasty little neurotic who liked to have women beat him, and none of those facts require us to dismiss, unread, their poetry. But philosophy does seem to demand something more from its practitioners, with Socrates as their model. And perhaps, then, we should take seriously—take as philosophically significant—the faults of would-be philosophers.


But we’re not going to get there simply by relativistic gestures, elevating, for cultural reasons, a minor tradition such as high philosophy in Yiddish. In an age when Jews are under assault in many academic circles, one understands the temptation to overpraise and overvalue in response. But not when it comes from someone normally as thoughtful as Ruth Wisse.

Joseph Bottum is editor of First Things.

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Comments:

2.17.2010 | 11:30am
Ruth Wisse is not really being relativistic or making a special plea by viewing Yiddish as a more earthy and grounded language than high German, which has a distinct tendency to the abstract, abstruse, and ponderous. I view her as saying that had the German-Jewish intellectuals integrated their grounded Yiddish with the German they might have had a better philosophical perspective.

I should say that her background in Yiddish has probably been a salutary factor in seeing through the assorted Harvard fogs, though she, also, handles English rather well.
2.17.2010 | 12:13pm
M. O'Brien says:
Bottom says, "the history of English-language philosophy is nonetheless much, much poorer than the history of German-language philosophy." Hmm. English-language philosophy is "much, much poorer"? Hardly. Such a strong claim is indefensible. You could argue plausibly that the German tradition edges out the English one, but this is contestable. A Wolff or Feuerbach at best match the achievement of a Joseph Butler or George Berkeley. Then what of the English-language philosophers like Hobbes, Hume, Locke, Thomas Reid, Bentham, Mill, William James, Moore, Russell, Anscombe, Kripke, MacIntyre, etc.?

In any case, the most accurate and defensible claim is probably this: there are great traditions of German and English-language philosophy, which often cross-pollinated each other (Hume, Frege, Wittgenstein). Both these traditions produced considerably greater achievements than the traditions of French and (certainly) Italian language philosophy.
2.17.2010 | 12:52pm
Paul says:
My regard for Joseph notwithstanding, I prefer contemporary Anglo-American philosophers--such as Richard Swindburne, Alvin Plantinga, Nicholas Wolterstorff, Robert Merrihew and Marilyn McCord Adams, Eleonore Stump, Peter Van Inwagen, Robert C. Koons, Alasdair MacIntyre and J. Budziszewski--infinitely more than 19th and 18th century German philosophers, whose language is frequently wooden, who (especially if we have works like Kants Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals in view) frequently employ non sequiturs, who, in their flights of fancy, make Platonic dialogues seem positively tame. I think the Western Analytic tradition, shorn of positivism, to be infinitely more lucid on the on hand and more intellectually on the other. But that's just me . . .
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