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Elizabeth Scalia

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The Eclipsing Vagueness of Egypt

As Egypt continues to transition from an ill-defined quasi-secular diplomatically-skilled dictatorship into an ill-imagined-no-one-yet-knows-what, following the story is like trying to watch a film or read a book through a yard of waxed paper; nothing is clear.

On January 25, as the Egyptian people took to the streets over food supplies, the American president and the world's diplomatic community seemed to be caught off-guard by the sheer magnitude of discontent. For the first few days, the message out of Washington was decidedly mixed. While Vice President Biden defended Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak as “not a dictator,” President Obama was spinning his 2009 Cairo speech as some sort of prescient warning, and said that he had “told Mubarak to get ahead of this.”

“This” remained undefined. Meanwhile, Secretary of State Clinton repeated flat, empty platitudes about “unacceptable violence” and a “peaceful transitioning,” of the Egyptian government into . . . something. No one quite knew what.

It is not really surprising that America seems all-of-a-vagueness about Egypt. So much going on there seems like a fun-house mirror reflecting the United States: President Obama, having recently forced through a signal piece of legislation that his citizens plainly told him they did not want, was suddenly lecturing Mubarak—without irony—that “the voice of the people” must be listened to and respected.

In the very same week Egypt erupted, the Democrat-led Senate was re-introducing the notion of empowering the president with an “Internet Kill Switch”; Obama could not have appreciated having to step up to the microphone and publicly tell Mubarak to turn the internet back on. Meanwhile, the mainstream media, who look upon Christians at Tea Parties as bellicose theocrats yearning for a chance to control the nation, seem inclined to speak well of the Muslim Brotherhood, albeit in hazy terms.

Even now, nearly two weeks into Egypt’s churning, it is difficult to get a sense of who or what is rising to the top. That Mubarak is finished seems the conventional wisdom, but some analysts still dispute that, and even among members of the mainstream press there is an unusual lack of a cohesive, settled narrative. One gets the impression that the media would happily get behind whatever notion the Obama Administration hands to them, if only the White House knew what it wanted.

Lacking that, they are staggering about and stepping on each other’s hooves in their corral of muted indistinctness. ABC’s Christiane Amanpour reports with certainty that the Muslim Brotherhood are not extremists, that they are not interested in establishing a theocratic government and are not a substantial threat to a democratic process. Only when Israel is mentioned does she tumble into the beige. Journalist Kirsten Powers—communicating with Coptic Christian family members in Egypt—writes exactly the opposite about the Brotherhood, with no mincing of words but then also drifts into a vague and helpless shrug as she writes, “This isn’t to say that Mubarak deserves our support.”

Unsure of both their safety and the indistinct narrative, news anchors Katie Couric, Brian Williams, and Anderson Cooper left Egypt. They appear to be circling around, waiting for instruction.

In fairness, the uncertainty over Egypt does not begin or end with President Obama, or with the press; it is of a piece with a cultural clash that exists between the West and the Arab world, and within the Arab world itself.

For the West, the problem is one of language. Our understanding of secularist governance is linear: church and state are strictly separated and the individual expression of faith is something kept to prayer breakfasts and re-election campaigns. In the Arab world, the fact that something called a “Muslim Brotherhood” can even be seriously considered as a viable political faction amply illustrates that what passes for “secularism” in Egypt is quite different from what we are used to. If we are fundamentally incapable of understanding each other when we use the same word, we may assume we are missing a great deal in translation, on every story.

In 2003, when the United States liberated Iraq, an older Iraqi man related his vision of what life would be like without Saddam Hussein. “Democracy!” he shouted. “And whiskey! And sexy!” Yes, but perhaps with a Middle-Eastern, faith-based spin that intellect-based Washington could never quite grasp, not in Iraq, not in Afghanistan, and now, not in Egypt.

Meanwhile, in cities where people often cannot safely drink the water from their kitchen taps, men and women peer into their laptops and iPhones in passive participation; a product of unimpeded Western creativity fits in the palm of their hands, and through its glass there is light, color, opportunity, and a limitless world of imagining. If the West is coming to understand that our material excesses often leave us spiritually empty, the Arab world may be looking at those same excesses and weighing them against the spiritual overfill of their region.

The West doesn’t particularly want to let go of its excesses, and the Arab world would be very unlikely to abandon a culture rooted in faith. And yet . . . and yet . . . things cannot go on as they have been, anywhere. Everyone senses it.

A presidency that already had people whispering “Jimmy Carter II” thanks to high unemployment, rising gas prices, energy issues, and economic uncertainty has an interest in delaying clarity; no president can be comfortable with the spectre of Iran, 1979 hanging over his head. President Obama, while making noises of general—and vague—appreciation of the Muslim Brotherhood, is not going to be fast to jump into their corner. But Mubarak cannot remain.

Perhaps, then, the White House, and the diplomats and the press should make a point of talking about the only stories coming out of Egypt that are truly unambiguous, distinct and clear: At Christmas, Egyptians guarded Christian worshipers with their own bodies, during their liturgy, and less than a week ago, on the streets of Cairo, Christians linked arms and guarded Muslims during their prayers.

In a world of vagueness, where no one seems to know what to do, it might be smart of the president and the press to start there, with those stories—with those people, who on a very basic level know who they are and what they want. Highlight them, lionize their generous actions, and help them to become leaders in their communities, and maybe—in the mysterious way of faith—the rest will become clear.

Elizabeth Scalia is the Managing Editor of the Catholic Portal at Patheos and blogs as The Anchoress. Her previous articles for "On the Square" can be found here.

RESOURCES

Christiane Amanpour on Muslim Brotherhood

Kirsten Powers on Muslim Brotherhood

Democracy, Whiskey, Sexy!

Muslims protect Christians

Christians protect Muslims

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Comments:

2.8.2011 | 6:51am
Tricia says:
Perhaps the incoherency coming from the Administration's public statements stems from the fact that there is no coherent underlying principle upon which their thought and/or policy process rests. How can the Obama Administration immediately speak out in favor of the Egyptians who want freedom and call for it in their streets, and yet the same Administration was stubbornly silent when the horribly-oppressed people of Iran asked for the same thing? The oppression of the Iranian people is bloodier and deadlier than the repression the Egyptians live under! Sadly, this Administration merely lurches from one reaction to another, and without an agreed-upon principle (Bush doctrine anyone?) we will continue in the world's view to be unreliable, uninformed, and untrustworthy.
2.8.2011 | 7:35am
Carson says:
@Tricia: You're certainly correct when you refer to the Obama administration's lack of a "coherent underlying principle upon which their thought and/or policy process rests," but that's a non-sequitur: I think you'd be hard pressed to find any presidential administration (except, maybe, Lincoln's, although I'm not so sure even there) which adhered to any particular philosophy across the board in all its actions. There are just too many people involved—and in any case, presidents by and large aren't elected for their principles (much as we might like to say otherwise) but for what each voter thinks the president can do for him and, to a lesser extent, his fellow citizens.
2.8.2011 | 8:09am
Jennifer says:
And don't forget the Jews praying the world over for the Egyptian people right now and for the success of their goal of self-determination...

...in spite of the real fears such a success inspire. There is no happy ending for Israel on the horizon in this situation, or at least not one that makes itself immediately apparent. And the question looms--is this a sham uprising? One inspired, fueled, and funded by those who would have us believe that the next totalitarian regime is riding in on the crest of Western style democracy--simply so we don't even see what's coming, before it is too late?

It seems like a choice of two dark sides--but perhaps what happened in the Gaza elections is not what we can expect here.

Or perhaps it is. Precisely what we can expect.

And we should pray for their freedom anyway. Authentic freedom. The only way to go is forward.
2.8.2011 | 8:53am
PaulR says:
Thank you, Ms. Scalia. I personally believe that everyone needs to recognize that Egypt's course is not ours to predict. It is simply out of our control.

I also believe that the historical USA position has been correct - and there is nothing to apologize for. We can say clearly - We supported Mubarak because he has promoted peace and kept the Mid-East (or at least Egypt) out of another cataclysmic war. We also support those who yearn for greater democracy, but what about those who will use the words of democracy to promote war and hatred? That can not be accepted.
2.8.2011 | 9:13am
Fred says:
I'll make a prediction. A Muslim Brotherhood-led Sunni theocracy. And within the next year or so. Some form of brutal dictatorship is the only sort of government that can work in that part of the world given the culture there. It's not a question of dictatorship or democracy but of what sort of dictatorship.
2.8.2011 | 9:29am
Tristian says:
This is really a bad article. As is just too often the case with author, she can't decide whether she wants to offer serious analysis or indulge in partisan cheap shots. To take the most flagrant example, no one who understands the most basic elements of representational democracy would say something like this:

President Obama, having recently forced through a signal piece of legislation that his citizens plainly told him they did not want, was suddenly lecturing Mubarak—without irony—that “the voice of the people” must be listened to and respected.


And for the record, the situation in Egypt vis-a-vis US policy is not 'vague'. It's complicated and undesirable, but the basic picture is very clear: it would be bad for us to back Mubarak and then see him lose power, and it will be bad for us to back the protests if they lead to a brutal Islamic regime hostile to the US and Israel. Where that leave us, along with the rest of the Western world, is trying to get Mubarak to leave in a way that doesn't lead to chaos or an Islamicist takeover. This has been the Obama strategy from the beginning, and clearly so. And we'd better hope it succeeds whatever our political leanings. There's a reason Senate resolution calling for Mubarak to step down was unanimous.
2.8.2011 | 9:33am
Richard says:
I am always intrigued by commentary that seems to imply there are easy answers to these kinds of problems in the world. I suppose our government could go back to backing corrupt dictators like Somoza and Marcos. Or, another form of decisive governmental action would be to just invade Egypt and overthrow another dictator that we have diplomatically and financially supported for some time like Sadaam

Another foolish notion is that the current president is somehow responsible for the turmoil like the notion that Carter all by himself was responsible for the hostages taken in Iran. I am not an expert in Middle East issues, but at least I know enough to be aware of what I don't know. This is to be distinguished from many on conservative sites, Fox News and such.
2.8.2011 | 12:03pm
There are no easy ANSWERS IN WASHINGTON, but had we had a president with more behind him than racial agitation in Chicago we might have gotten somewhere.Obama knows nothing about the Middle East; his only vade mecum is by Saul Alinsky.
2.8.2011 | 12:57pm
John says:
I am glad you point out Muslims and Christians protecting each other at prayer. The protests in Tahrir seem to have brought together groups that are otherwise divided. A secular Egyptian and participant in the protests blogged about an encounter with a Muslim protestor who told him:

“I used to think that . . . it was up to us, the people of God to spark a change! . . . But…we did not make this thing! . . . And there is a lesson in this! . . . I used to think that since I had chosen God that God would choose me! . . . But now I know the truth! It is not ours to choose who does what! It is God’s choice and God’s choice only!”

Regarding The Brotherhood -- http://www.karmamole.com/?p=805&lang=en-uk
2.8.2011 | 1:19pm
Toni says:
Two weeks before the uprising I was a tourist in Egypt arriving in Alexandria, and visiting that city and then driving to Cario. In addition to visiting the tourist attractions, we drove extensively in the cities and country side. I consider myself a fairly well traveled person, I had even travelled in Egypt in 1975 as a student. I was not prepared for the exterme poverty and the unravelling of the infa- structure that is a part of this country now. Quite frankly the people of Egypt have nothing to lose, and with a majority of the population under 30 yrs old, their future rests in change. Mubarak may have been a friend to the US and helpful keeping peace in the region, but I know it was a the expense of his people. We are now at a cross roads as a nation. Do we stay the course, stay out of the way, or lead by example (I seem to remember some bloody conflicts on the U.S. road to change away from British rule some years back ). In Egypt now,do we stay the course to protect the Suez Canal and our source of nice sheets and towels, by backing corupt regimes? Do let a bloody coup forment and hope the chips fall where they may and that we wind up with a western friendly Egypt? Do we back the revolt and risk the Muslim Brother Theocracy forming and the destruction of Israel ? Not so easy and certainly not as clear as Laura Ingram or Christine Amanpour can make it sound in a sound bite.
2.8.2011 | 8:00pm
TeaPot562 says:
It was noted that increased prices for food were contributing to the poverty, and to the riots in both Tunisia and Egypt. Does the US leadership grasp the idea that our ethanol subsidies, and our forcing the use of ethanol to fuel our transportation are a cause of high grain prices around the world? If we would cancel the ethanol mandate and the ethanol subsidies, many of the poor in Asia and Africa would avoid starvation.
TeaPot562
2.8.2011 | 11:32pm
Rick says:
Fred said: I'll make a prediction. A Muslim Brotherhood-led Sunni theocracy. And within the next year or so. Some form of brutal dictatorship is the only sort of government that can work in that part of the world given the culture there.

No Fred, brutal dictatorships are not the only possible form of government in the Middle East. Could Jordan's King Hussein, with his American bride, have been depicted as a brutal dictator? And no more was he a democrat. There are more possibilities in the political spectrum than those two.

Furthermore, we have little reason to fear a dictatorship led by the Muslim Brotherhood. (And if that were to occur, we could at least console ourselves that it would be a regime unfriendly to al-qaeda. Al-qaeda has been at great pains to excoriate and discredit the Brotherhood for their renunciation of violence.) The Brotherhood has relatively little following in Egypt, and they have been decisively outflanked by a new generation of young Egyptians with those iPhones and laptops, chattering their subversion on Facebook and Twitter. There are no ruthless and all-powerful fundamentalist religious leaders in Egypt, comparable to the Ayatollah Khomeini in Iran, who are in a position to galvanize the pious masses into an irresitable revolutionary force. The Egyptians who idolized the popular singer Umm Kulthum are unlikely to support a theocracy that bans all music, as Khomeini and the Taliban did. The future of Egypt is indeed an opaque mystery, but I see no reason to be that dismal about the prospects.
2.9.2011 | 4:35am
Richard M says:
Rick's almost unbridled optimism notwithstanding, there's a reason why most close observers of Egypt have considerable reservations about what might replace Mubarak;s thugocracy in the wake of the current upheavals.

Consider the latest Pew Forum poll done of six Middle Eastern countries (including Egypt), courtesy of La Chiesa's Sandro Magister:

...democracy is held to be the best form of government by 59 percent of Egyptians, while in Turkey and Lebanon it gets even more support, 76 and 81 percent respectively.

In Egypt, however, 22 percent of the population maintains that in some circumstances a nondemocratic government is preferable.

On the relationship between politics and religion, almost half of Egyptians think that Islam already has a strong influence on politics. And among those who think this way, 95 percent believe it is a good thing.

In general, 85 out of 100 Egyptians believe that Islam has a positive influence on politics, against only 2 percent who see it as a negative. But in Lebanon and Turkey, the unfavorable views exceed 30 percent.

In a runoff between modernizers and fundamentalists, 59 percent of Egyptians say that they side with the fundamentalists, against 27 percent who root for the former. In Lebanon and Turkey, the sides are flipped: 84 and 74 percent respectively are with the modernizers, while 15 and 11 percent align themselves with the fundamentalists.

More than half of the Egyptians, 54 percent to be exact, among both men and women, are in favor of the separation of the sexes in the workplace. While in Lebanon and Turkey, those against it are between 80 and 90 percent.

When asked to give their views on Hamas, Hezbollah, and al-Qaeda, in Egypt 49 percent say they are in favor of Hamas, 30 percent of Hezbollah, and 20 percent of al-Qaeda.

These views are partly influenced by whether one is Sunni or Shiite. The Egyptians are Sunni, as is Hamas, while Hezbollah is Shiite.

In any case, support for Hezbollah in Egypt has been falling for several years. It stood at 56 percent in 2007, 54 percent in 2008, 43 percent in 2009, and 30 percent in 2010.

And although it is in the minority, support for suicide terrorists is growing. In Egypt, 20 percent justify this, while in 2009 15 percent did.

Returning to the death penalty for those who abandon Islam, called for by 84 percent of Egyptians, it must be pointed out that those who want it are men and women, old and young, educated and uneducated, without distinction.

Link to original: http://chiesa.espresso.repubblica.it/articolo/1346582?eng=y

That's right: 84 percent of Egyptians favor the death penalty for those who apostasize from Islam.

If I were a Coptic Christian in Egypt, I'd be quite anxious right now.
2.9.2011 | 7:05am
Daniel says:
The secular control of Mubarak is receding. Egypt is returning to it's Islamic roots.
The general public in Egypt is extremely anti-Israel, anti-US and pro Al Qaeda.
Democracy(while the best political system).......is no match for the single minded determination of Islamism.
Christians in Egypt have dark days ahead.
2.9.2011 | 11:19pm
Rick says:
Richard M's expression "unbridled optimism" is certainly a fine piece of hyperbole. All I did was to take exception to the characterization of the people of the Middle East as benighted savages fit only for a brutal dictatorship. And yes, traditional religious impulses have a growing power in that part of the world, just as they do in Hindu India, among world Jewry (don't overlook the great resurgence of Orthodox practice among Jews), and also here in America. Most Egyptians see their religion as having a positive influence in politics? Yes, they are a lot like American Evangelicals that way.

Daniel says: The general public in Egypt is extremely...pro Al Qaeda. No, Daniel. Read Richard M's statistics. It's about 20%. And they can hardly be pro-al-Qaeda and pro-Muslim Brotherhood at the same time. The two groups are enemies.

I was living in Morocco when the Shah fled Iran in 1979. The event sent shock waves through Moroccan society because it was seen as a great blow struck in favor of the disenfrachised poor of the Islamic world, and against the unbelievably wealthy, Western manipulated elites who controlled their country. I believe this "liberation" was largely an illusion, and I think most Moroccans can see through it by this time as well. But we have to get used to the fact that these people will finally change their societies, and there will be little we can do about it. It's better not to fear something that we are powerless to stop.
3.19.2011 | 1:13am
No Fred, brutal dictatorships are not the only possible form of government in the Middle East. Could Jordan's King Hussein, with his American bride, have been depicted as a brutal dictator? And no more was he a democrat. There are more possibilities in the political spectrum than those two. Richard M's expression "unbridled optimism" is certainly a fine piece of hyperbole. All I did was to take exception to the characterization of the people of the Middle East as benighted savages fit only for a brutal dictatorship. And yes, traditional religious impulses have a growing power in that part of the world, just as they do in Hindu India, among world Jewry (don't overlook the great resurgence of Orthodox practice among Jews), and also here in America. Most Egyptians see their religion as having a positive influence in politics? Yes, they are a lot like American Evangelicals that way.
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