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Russell E. Saltzman

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Tolerable Sins: Christian Divorce on Valentine’s Day

Growing up, I knew only one kid from a “broken home,” my best friend in elementary school. There was a thing about it, a shame that went with it and a pity I felt for him. Everyone else I knew had parents firmly married. He was an aberration.


Graduating high school in the mid-1960s, and still knowing no one else from a divorced home, I recall my astonishment four years later, running into a now-divorced classmate. She had married another classmate, but there she was, divorced.


I married the same year Alvin Toffler’s Future Shock appeared. Toffler asserted that the rising numbers of failed marriages could not be explained as isolated instances of individuals suffering a moral lapse, not when it was happening to so many millions across the Western world. These numbers, rather, indicated a “massive adaptational breakdown.”


Toffler suggested short-term contractual marriages as a remedy, and a good many people have taken him up on it, living together with children and no marriage. If this was what a shocked future looked like, things tossed up and around with abandon, I didn’t want it. Divorce wasn’t going to happen to me. But it did.


By the time my first wife and I marked our tenth anniversary with two kids in tow, we—of all our friends from high school and college—were, it seemed, the last couple standing. At least it felt that way. Three more kids and a decade later, we divorced.


Divorce among active Protestants, those attending worship once a month or more, and even among “assenting” Catholics, those not “dissenting” from Catholic teaching, has every appearance of becoming casual. The figures for failed marriages among Christians are much the same as for anyone else, though they’re lower among those who attend church regularly.


I don’t think the Church catholic, in either its Roman or Protestant manifestations, does very well with divorced Christians. Christians, the saying goes, are the only people who abandon their wounded. I know for a fact it is very difficult when both sides in a divorce still attend the same worship service. One or the other or both may vent their frustrations to the pastor or to other members, seeking support for their side of the story. Pastors and congregations can live through that, with patience, but it hardly ever works. The subtle message to the divorced is it’s far easier on everyone if one or the other or both would simply shuffle off the membership list.


Among Protestant Christians, little is even said of divorce anymore. Where once the fact of divorce held consequences for one’s membership and access to the communion table, and even eligibility for ordination, that day is long, long gone. A bishop in a third marriage is not unknown to Lutherans nor, let me point it out, is a pastor in his second.


It isn’t that Protestants now accept divorce. Unlike “un-sinning” some other biblically-challenged sexual practices, no one has yet managed to repeal what Jesus said of marriage. Biblically, theologically, divorce is sin.


Dealing with sin requires ample doses of law, gospel, and absolution. In the Protestant equation all three are missing. Protestants don’t deal with divorce but they certainly tolerate it well. As a tolerable sin divorce no longer requires any further attention, pastorally or homiletically: “Nothing to see here, folks; move along, please.”


With at least one Catholic archdiocese having boasted it can do a six-month annulment turn-around, it looks as if even annulment has become just another word for “moving on” after divorce.


My former spouse became a Roman Catholic. With my consent, unnecessary though she asked, she initiated an annulment process. Together we were adjudged incapable of entering and sustaining a marriage sacramentally. We had failed “due diligence” in properly understanding what it was we intended to do. We lacked capacity. Whatever it was we planned, the annulment decree said, it wasn’t a marriage. This does not in any way account for what we went through.


The Roman annulment process I experienced was fenced up in Latin and obscured in legalese. One spouse was portrayed as “petitioner” and the other as “respondent.” We were invited to provide witnesses to our (or the other’s) spousal dysfunction.


As pastoral practice goes, this isn’t any better than the neglect of souls observed among Protestants. Yet both practices, as far as I can see, arise from that word “acceptance.”


These days, I think, the people most troubled by divorce are divorced Christians themselves. It becomes a biographical fact that sort of squats on a conscience. I don’t know of any reasonably sentient Christian, Catholic or Protestant, who does not regard their divorce as anything except their worst personal failure. It is something more than being victimized by the impersonal forces Toffler cited.


But what churches are offering to the divorced is indifference. The failure is pastoral, dismissing the attendant sense of deep regret and grief of failure without offering any remedy through the gospel. Divorce among Christians isn’t so much tolerated today as it is merely ignored.


Russell E. Saltzman is dean of the Great Plains Mission District of the North American Lutheran Church, an online homilist for the Christian Leadership Center at the University of Mary, and author of The Pastor’s Page and Other Small Essays. His previous On the Square articles can be found here.

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Comments:

2.14.2013 | 2:34am
Rick says:
My wife comes from a traditional community of Irish-Catholics in Boston. When she was growing up, she knew no family at all that had a divorce. I come from a mid-west Protestant military family, and I knew few people among my relatives who had NOT divorced. One of my wife's cousins married an Air Force officer, and on a recent visit to Boston, they told me that among all their circle of young married friends when they were still in the Air Force, they were the ONLY ones who hadn't gotten divorced. Maybe there was enough mystical magic from my wife's side of the family to help them resist the centrifugal forces inherent in the military lifestyle. I do believe, though, that the extended family and the faith community were critical forces in keeping marriages together in the past.

You touch on a profound truth in your essay. There is much more in people's lives besides the issue of divorce that is left politely undisturbed by society and church--things that need to be dealt with on a very deep level. But we are peculiarly impotent, it seems, in the matter of dealing individually with people's souls. There's not enough time. It's not our business. It would be an invasion of privacy. Its just too embarrassing to deal with. Or maybe we are simply ignorant of the ancient wisdoms that deal with soul healing. And so, people's souls wither.
2.14.2013 | 7:12am
A Reader says:
Pastor Saltzman: For whatever it is worth, as a member of the Church as the Body of Christ, I am personally shamed and in pain after reading your story.

I was at first shocked and indignant at those who either misunderstood you at best or misused their power and authority at worst. But there was no comfort even in that since I cannot claim the innocence required to "cast the first stone".

So I apologize to you on behalf of Church as one among many Catholic sinners who love the Church and wish her to be known as she is, not as we do.
2.14.2013 | 9:42am
Grigoris says:
Yes, Christians should treat divorcees more graciously and do everything possible to help them heal and remain integrated into the Church. But, I am troubled that Protestants, who look to Scripture as their guide in faith and morals, no longer give any credence to Paul's instructions to Timothy that a bishop/priest/deacon be "a man of one wife." Historically this has meant that even remarried widowers were ineligible, as is still the case in the Orthodox Church. Those who don't see this as a big deal don't recognize that this is as much an example of churches following the culture as are any of the other hot-button issues that get so much press. How are the faithful supposed to maintain a high view of marriage and understand the seriousness of divorce if even the clergy are not being held to that higher standard?
2.14.2013 | 10:55am
paul says:
Thanks for writing this. I was expecting your essay to go a particular way, and it didn't, to my pleasant surprise.

Growing up in the 60s, the only kids I knew with divorced parents did carry the stigma of divorce with them. "Everyone else I knew had parents firmly married." describes what I experienced, also.

Until I reconnected with the kids of some of these firm marriages, when they were adults, and discovered that many of these firm marriages were kept together mainly because of the stigma of divorce in the Catholic church -- which meant a sort of living hell for the kids because of what was going on behind closed doors.
2.14.2013 | 11:38am
"Until I reconnected with the kids of some of these firm marriages, when they were adults, and discovered that many of these firm marriages were kept together mainly because of the stigma of divorce in the Catholic church -- which meant a sort of living hell for the kids because of what was going on behind closed doors. "

If this statement was supposed to imply that divorce would have been the better option, I beg to differ. I was one of those kids in the 60's whose parents had divorced, and experienced the "living hell" of growing up without a father. The only one of my friends without one. There was no stigma to my parents being divorced, but there was a huge hole, made only more painful by the examples of families around me. No, not all those marriages were perfect, but they were there for their kids. Because of my experience, divorce was never going to be an option.

BTW, celebrating 26 years of marriage today.
2.14.2013 | 11:43am
Some interesting statistics can be found in a 2005 demographic study with a fairly large statistical sample sponsored by the American Jewish Committee:

http://www.jewishdatabank.org/Reports/AJC_JewishDistinctivenessAmerica_TS_April2005.pdf

Here are the statistics for the United States for adults "ever divorced" by religion (Table 2.C):

US average = 25.6
"Fundamentalist Protestant" = 29.0
"Liberal Protestant" = 28.1
"Moderate Protestant" = 27.8
"None" = 25.6
"Other Religions" = 24.8
"Jewish" = 20.6
"Catholic" = 19.7

Of course, statistics can hide as much as they reveal. These numbers do
not take into account the degree of religious commitment, belief and practice.
Some "cradle Catholics" who get divorced and remarried leave the Catholic Church and identify with other Christian groups; and that would lower the number of self-identified Catholics who have been divorced. Moreover, there is some evidence that children whose parents have remained married are somewhat less likely to divorce themselves. As divorce rates among Jews and Catholics were once extremely low, the lower rates for those groups now may be an "echo" of the religious commitments of an earlier generation.

What is quite interesting is the relatively high rates among Protestants of all kinds. Does this reflect the acceptance of the possibility divorce and remarriage in Protestant theology? Or are the reasons more complicated?

Another interesting comparison is of divorce rates by country:

http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/peo_div_rat-people-divorce-rate

The top 8 countries by divorce rate, far outstripping the rest, are
United States, Puerto Rico, Russia, Denmark, The United Kingdom, New Zealand, Australia, Canada. So that 5 of the top 8 are English speaking countries. Is this because of individualism? Greater employment opportunities for women?

Divorce is not just a result of modernity. There are highly developed countries
with relatively quite low divorce rates. On the other hand some of those countries also have very low birthrates.
2.14.2013 | 12:13pm
Many people say that divorce or separation is better than fighting parents. No doubt in extreme cases it is. But one of the reasons that children are deeply upset by their parents' fighting is precisely that they are afraid that their parents might divorce. Those of is who have children and who have ever had a loud and nasty argument with a spouse are likely to have seen evidence of this: the fear in the eyes of a child, and possibly even a worried question from the child. If parental fighting produces the fear in children that their parents may split, how can it be less disturbing to the children if their parents actually do split?

I am a Catholic of late middle age. The vast majority of Catholics of my generation and of my parents' generation that I know whose families remained intact seem to have had ordinary and by-and-large happy families, not the "hells" that "Paul" describes. Half of marriages today end in divorce. Very few Catholic marriages in those days ended in divorce. Is Paul claiming that half of those Catholic marriages of old were hells? That is a bold claim and needs more support than what "some" friends told him. It doesn't tally with the things I have heard.

But it is a convenient story for contemporary people to tell themselves.
2.14.2013 | 12:44pm
KariS says:
The question, though, is how to show the "ample doses of law, gospel, and absolution" that are needed in dealing with this sin and, as Rick points out, so many others in this age of "live and let live." Our hearts are breaking for my husband's nephews as their parents recently divorced after twenty years of marriage. We saw it coming twenty-one years ago, and my husband cautioned his brother - a pastor - against marrying a woman who had divorced her first husband because he was a jerk. "How do you know you won't be a jerk?" But is it possible that that warning hindered the couple from plugging into our extended family, with its atmosphere of support for lifelong marriage? Certainly the bride's extended family, on which she continued to rely, didn't encourage her to develop faith, forgiveness or an absolute commitment to her family. And now what?
2.14.2013 | 2:17pm
Michael O. says:
Though I do not personally know how effective or extensive these ministries are, every Catholic bulletin I've ever seen has a section mentioning the Catholic Divorce Ministry. I don't know why this ministry isn't mentioned in the article above, but resources do in fact exist at churches, and Christians should be encouraged to seek them out.

http://www.nacsdc.org/
2.14.2013 | 2:45pm
Don Roberto says:
Divorce is high in large part because of the terribly high incidence of premarital sex. Most people now "marry" a person to whom they did not lose their virginity. Unsurprisingly, these couples have a hard time bonding if the spouse is the latest in a long line of intimates. And, as we know, moderns—incorrectly—think they have a right to happiness, so unhappiness naturally leads one who has been taught that marriage need not be permanent that he/she has "good" options.

Divorce is, as Peter Kreeft says, a broken vow made before God to the one person we owe the greatest fidelity, and it is usually about, and for the pursuit of, carnal desire, e.g., an extramarital affair. God help the children, both for their suffering (which can be sacrificial) and (more so) for the horrible lesson taught by the ones they have reason to look up to more than anyone else in the world.
2.14.2013 | 4:02pm
Don Roberto,

Greetings again. The transformation of marriage from an institution that was primarily for the benefit of the resulting children to one that is primarily for the benefit/enjoyment of the adults is another sign of the increasing narcissism of modern society. To think that one would just dissolve one's marriage when it is no longer fun or convenient, or one finds something or someone "better" is truly selfish. Of course, the idea that homosexual couples should also be "married" and have children is taking this selfish outlook to the extreme.
2.14.2013 | 7:19pm
Eva Arnott says:
At my Catholic parish in north-west suburban Boston, we have a regular multi-week program called 'Divorcecare' in which participants learn together how navigate this change in their lives, with the guidance of a woman pastoral associate. Often friendships develop within the group and sometimes members join the parish.
2.15.2013 | 12:30am
poetcomic1 says:
Poorly catechized Catholics are incapable of entering into a truly sacramental marriage. They neither understand the awesome finality of marriage nor its central spiritual dynamic. I have seen this again and again and fully understand the annulment of such a marriage - it is a vow made in ignorance. And whose fault is that ignorance? I won't open that can of worms.
2.15.2013 | 9:13am
Art Deco says:
Ye gods this is a depressing post.

---

Dr. Barr:

I think a panel study rather than a cross-sectional assessment would be a more valid method to attempt to ascertain the association between religious affiliation and divorce. One other thing one should take into account is discordance between marriage partners. I did some research into this question about 15 years ago and discovered that the commonality of divorce among Catholic and Mormon individuals was dramatically different for those couples who had intermarried.

---

The writer Jonathan Franzen once said that his mother and father had remained married because neither could imagine they could be happier married to someone else. The 'massive adaptational failure' may consist of something not difficult to describe: a loss of a sense that one's domestic life is the occasion of one's discontent and not its cause.
2.15.2013 | 2:37pm
For the record Jesus could not have been clearer: Remarriage after Divorce is adultery. Mark 10:11-12 (""Whoever divorces his wife and marries another commits adultery against her; and if she divorces her husband and marries another, she commits adultery"). Even if one tries to make a big deal out of the Matthaean porneia exception by equating "porneia" with "adultery" as a grounds for Divorce of a true marriage, it is still clear that Jesus was rather intolerant of divorce. The overwhelming bulk of Protestant churches have absolutely NO consistency with Christ's teaching with or without the Matthaean porneia exception.
2.15.2013 | 3:30pm
Don Roberto says:
I think, patricksarsfield, this is because Protestants decide the meaning of the Word for themselves (or defer to the leaders of their local/regional sect), rather than adhering to the unchanging moral anchor of the Magisterium. So the natural human temptation to make exceptions creeps in. (The same happens when Catholics, heaven forfend, fabricate rationale for an annulment.) This is understandable. Following the Commandments is often very difficult. But if we accept our pain with love, it becomes a holy sacrifice and we can't go wrong in the long run. We do not know what evil comes of disobedience, but sin begets sin, as can be seen in this modern world where pornography and other forms of adultery make men "happy" in the moment and sad in eternity.
2.15.2013 | 6:06pm
Douglas says:
"Biblically, theologically, divorce is sin."

Is divorce itself always sin? I don't think so. Sometimes it is necessary. It is "remarriage" that is always a sin: what Justin Martyr called a veiled adultery, and our Lord just dropped the veiled bit when referring to it.

It is this inability to distinguish between divorce and remarriage that stymies so much dialogue between Catholics and Protestants about the moral implications and sin involved in each. Also helpful would be an understanding of what each side thinks is necessary to get married in the first place.
2.15.2013 | 8:52pm
Dear Brother Saltzmann,

Nobody has said it yet---which is fully explained, on the eminently reasonable theory that every reader here at FT/On The Square presumes that fair, brave, and adult-minded men like yourself don't go looking for wisdom in day-old comboxes.

I have often gotten a smile from your On The Squares, Brother Saltzmann. I hope that your presence here will continue for a long time to come. For what it is worth, as I rely for my information on what you reveal today, I am younger than you (quite probably). I am any guy with a combox. You are not. I address you with the utmost respect, and even (dare I say it) love. The pastorate is given to those who are competent with influence. When a man has a wife, and children, these other folks in his life serve as a litmus for his competency for the pastorate. We will judge the angles, and the Earth for 1000 years. We had better be competent and able to govern our families, if we desire the pastoral office. It's the Apostle who says so, not me. So let me say to you with as much grace and sympathy as I can muster: I am sorry that your capacity to lead and to govern has left you, even in your very own bedroom, and that upon the woman whom you once influenced to marry you, which makes it all the sadder. Truly, I am sorry to hear that.

You will realize that your qualifications for the pastorate are in doubt. I don't mean to pain you. If approaching the 300-word limit is any excuse for whimsey, I say: Lutherans do not imitate Popes (even former ones) uncritically, but see where I lead?
2.18.2013 | 2:48pm
Bob says:
I have learned through experience that divorce is not monolithic. The Bible points to divorce that is traditional and monolithic: a man divorcing his wife to secure younger pleasures. In our post modern society, divorce has evolved to include women divorcing men for no reason (no-fault), except to self-serve.

Divorce is clearly a failure to communicate and a sin that haunts the children as well as each spouse. I fear that divorce has become in the church a sort of unpardonable sin, as pastors and priests treat it like leprosy. Divorce is a most complicated sin, never monolithic.
2.25.2013 | 2:32am
Bayard says:
Thanks for this column, and the call to greater acknowledgement of divorce. -- My four-year marriage recently ended. Being self-employed, I was a stay-at-home husband who kept the home fires burning, the lunches made, and so forth, while my wife worked extended hours (including double time one year). When the end came, she professed a call to glorify God in her career rather than her marriage; to sue for divorce rather than negotiate a settlement.

While my conscience was clear, it was difficult for me to mention what I was facing except among close friends (most of whom were outside our outreach-oriented Evangelical church). One pastor prohibited me from being up-front with volunteers I was required to have sign a 'leadership agreement' that included a clause regarding the church's vision for marriage; another -- also leader of an organization counselling those grappling with sexual and relational brokenness -- effectively cut me, as did others.

The inability to acknowledge, let alone name, the state of affairs limited the pastoral care offered; in ignoring the sin, there was nothing requiring discipline, nothing to forgive, nothing requiring absolution. Yet in the silence, sin retains its power over us -- individually, and as a church.

I've since become more solicitous for the well-being of couples, asking after absent spouses (few ever asked me where my wife was after she left), creating an opportunity for us to name troubles -- not to normalize them, but to address them, and to care for those experiencing them.
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