Infant Faith

Infant Faith October 15, 2015

According to Kimberly Hope Belcher (Efficacious Engagement, 77), “Augustine seems to have been the first commentator on baptism to seriously consider whether the rites of initiation he knew, which were used for both adults and children, applied equally well to both.” He concluded that they did apply, and this was crucial to Augustine’s arguments concerning original sin: If infants were innocent, why would they need to go through the liberating bath of baptism? 

Augustine went further, though, to argue that infants were perfect subjects of baptism. Quoted David Holeton, Belcher writes, “the infant images the total helplessness of the human condition. The human creature must come to the Father with the same helpless abandon as the sucking infant does to his mother” (77). 

How can an infant be an ideal subject of baptism when the infant cannot believe? To this, Augustine’s answer was that the infant can in fact believer: “Augustine calls unbaptized infants ‘unbelievers,’ but infants who have been baptized are ‘believing.’ Infant ‘faith,’ according to this, is accessible to outside analysis and decisively determined by ritual initiation” (83).

This reveals a radical difference between pre- and modern understanding of “faith”: “The modern assumption is that faith is an ephemeral disposition perceptible only by the subject. Faith can only be affirmed by the person himself or herself, and he or she may deceive others. Moreover, faith is defined within a cognitively centered definition of the self. . . . Since infants’ cognitive ability does not allow them to affirm propositions, infant faith is not well defined. Within this context., an adult’s affirmation of faith ‘on behalf of’ an infant catechumen, since the adult has no knowledge of the infant’s inner state, is understandably interpreted as a pious falsehood or as only a promise of future development” (82).

This is simply not what Augustine means by “faith.” It is not for him a cognitive state known only to the subject. Like truth, it is something that can be marked on the body, something into which one can be initiated without knowledge or consent. As Belcher puts it, “Baptism should immerse the intiand into a new way of being, not begin an intellectual conversion. The truth of the profession of faith transforms human capacities, rather than expressing the initiand’s assent to an objective truth. The church’s certainty guarantees the objectivity of the proclamation, but the ritual affirmation changes the initiand’s subjective world and his or her way of being in that world” (84). For Augustine, one becomes a believer by being initiated into the faith, rather than by having an intellectual conversion or a conversion of will.


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